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    Disciplines / Research questions

    生物学

    98 个研究主题 · 322 个问题

    为什么豆科植物能够进行共生固氮作用？7 个问题

    1. Duplication history and molecular determinants of NFP-type Nod factor receptor specialization in the nitrogen-fixing clade of plants

    2. Testing the symbiosome-stability hypothesis of legume nodulation: nodule-type-dependent losses in Papilionoideae, the functional role of the fixation-thread wall, and the genomic and diversification consequences of the fixation-thread-to-symbiosome transition

    3. Direct NIN→NF-YA1 regulation and the ancestry of the NIN–NF-YA1 transcriptional module in nitrogen-fixing nodule symbiosis: the Parasponia test and the NF-YA1 infection regulon

    4. Molecular mechanism of Symbiosis Determinant 1 (SD1)-dependent signaling by the NFR1 Nod factor receptor: binding partners and coordination of infection and organogenesis

    5. Mechanism of co-option of the ancient common symbiosis pathway for root-nodule symbiosis

    6. The MtAHL1/MtAHL2 AHL transcription-factor regulatory module in legume nodules: direct targets beyond NCR genes, essentiality for nitrogen fixation, complex architecture, and conservation across nodule types

    7. The molecular and genetic identity of the cryptic potentiating precursor of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the angiosperm nitrogen-fixing clade

    为什么会发生肌萎缩侧索硬化病4 个问题

    1. C9ORF72 loss-of-function mechanisms in repeat-expansion ALS/FTD: neuronal GTPase substrates and autophagy steps, the in-vivo causal hierarchy, environmental modifiers, and function-preserving therapeutics

    2. Pathogenic driver, protective sequestration, or secondary phenomenon: the causal significance of TDP-43 accumulation in ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration

    3. Completing the pathway and cell-type map of genetic risk in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: rare, regulatory, and non-European variation

    4. DNA-break-triggered homology-directed-repair-mediated large expansions of the C9orf72 G4C2 repeat: spontaneous-lesion relevance in vivo, pathway identity, mouse-human differences, outcome determinants, and editing safety

    为什么生长素在体细胞胚胎发生中有不同功能？8 个问题

    1. Stage-specific auxin transport machinery of somatic embryogenesis: which influx and efflux carriers operate from embryo identity acquisition to somatic embryo patterning, and how do they explain the distinct behaviors of 2,4-D and IAA?

    2. Mechanism of stage- and domain-specific auxin and cytokinin response partitioning underlying embryonic shoot–root axis establishment during somatic embryogenesis

    3. Ethylene-mediated repression of YUCCA auxin biosynthesis genes during somatic embryogenesis induction in Arabidopsis: perception components and molecular mechanism

    4. Downstream regulatory mechanisms of OsBBM1-triggered somatic embryogenesis in rice: LAFL network involvement, auxin-cytokinin interplay, and the requirement for endogenous OsYUC-mediated auxin biosynthesis

    5. Mechanistic basis of 2,4-D-triggered acquisition and endogenous-IAA-maintained embryonic identity during Arabidopsis somatic embryogenesis

    6. Auxin-dosage-dependent methylation control of embryogenic competence in Arabidopsis somatic embryogenesis: linking the 2,4-D concentration window to LEC1/LEC2/BBM/WUS/AGL15 promoter methylation

    7. Mechanistic basis of the divergence between auxinic activity and somatic-embryogenesis induction among 2,4-D analogues: why the very active auxin MCPA weakly induces somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

    8. Functional distinction between phenylacetic acid and indole auxins, and the signalling mechanisms underlying endogenous phytohormone dynamics, during Norway spruce somatic embryogenesis

    为什么有的病毒不致病？3 个问题

    1. Unresolved mechanism and evolutionary fate of host cooperative metabolic defenses that convert lethal Citrobacter rodentium infection into asymptomatic carriage (iron–insulin resistance–intestinal glucose circuit, Sanchez et al. 2018)

    2. Mechanisms of spontaneous long-term control of HIV-1 infection: the unidentified CD8+ non-cytolytic antiviral factor and the host-versus-virus determinants of the long-term survivor state

    3. Natural history of four novel Magellanic penguin picornaviruses (Sphenifaro, Sphenigellan, Sphenimaju, and Sphenilena viruses): host range, transmission, pathogenic potential, and population connectivity

    为什么有的酶催化反应的最适温度很高而有的却很低？3 个问题

    1. Distinguishing a rate-determining-step change from conformational-equilibrium coupling in the high-temperature kinetics of MalL

    2. Mechanistic origins of variation in macromolecular-rate-theory temperature-sensitivity traits (ΔCp‡\Delta C_p^{\ddagger}, ToptT_{opt}, TSmaxTS_{max}) of soil microbial enzymes

    3. Mechanism or history? Establishing the basis, molecular origin, and generality of the enzyme stability-activity trade-off

    为什么有些植物必须经过一段时间低温后才能开花？7 个问题

    1. Cis- versus trans-regulation of the two determinants of vernalization requirement in Brassica rapa: steady-state BrFLC expression and cold-repression kinetics

    2. Mechanistic basis of the nucleation, spreading, and maintenance phases of H3K27me3 Polycomb memory at Arabidopsis FLC, and how such silencing can be established without DNA replication

    3. Evolutionary origins of the vernalization requirement: conditions for its gain and loss, and the constrained-versus-reinvented genetic logic of cold-induced flowering competence

    4. Molecular identification of the fast thermosensory inputs (current-temperature element C and short-term warm-spike memory element S) to VIN3 in the Arabidopsis vernalization network

    5. Molecular machinery of the vernalization-memory reset cycle in wheat: cold-induced TaVRN1 activation, embryonic silencing, and light-triggered TaVRN2 reactivation

    6. Completing the growth-dilution mechanism of long-term cold sensing in Arabidopsis: the nuclear activation route of NTL8 and the generality of reduced-dilution thermosensing

    7. How COOLAIR antisense transcription represses Arabidopsis FLC in cis during vernalization: molecular mechanism, necessity of the antisense transcript, and the genome-wide generality of 3′-end antisense regulation

    为什么植物的花粉管能准确地进入胚囊？8 个问题

    1. Signal-transduction mechanism of the LIP1/LIP2 receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases downstream of AtLURE1 perception in Arabidopsis pollen-tube guidance

    2. Molecular identification of the female signals implementing pollen tube emergence, adhesion, and the funicular polytubey block in one-to-one pollen tube guidance of Arabidopsis

    3. Signal transduction and quantitative gradient sensing in Arabidopsis ovule-directed pollen tube guidance

    4. Molecular coupling of ovule-derived attractant perception to MLO5/MLO9-dependent Ca2+ channel delivery in pollen tube guidance

    5. Open components of the AtLURE1 pollen-tube attractant system in Arabidopsis: non-cell-autonomous regulation of synergid attractant production, post-attraction species-specific barriers, and the evolutionary forces shaping the AtLURE1 gene cluster

    6. Completing the LURE-centered mechanism of pollen-tube guidance: additional guidance cues, LURE perception, competence and other synergid cysteine-rich peptides, and species-preferential recognition

    7. Decoding synergid Ca2+^{2+} spiking during pollen tube reception: the residual cascade from RALF–FER–LRE–NORTIA-mediated calcium influx to pollen-tube rupture and synergid cell death in Arabidopsis

    8. Molecular mechanism of pollen tube entry into and rupture within the receptive synergid via the peritubular membrane

    为什么植物根会向地性生长？5 个问题

    1. Simultaneous integration of gravitropic, phototropic, and hydrotropic signaling in plant roots

    2. Molecular mechanism by which the HEAT-repeat protein Creeping Stem 1 (CS1) enables amyloplast sedimentation and directional auxin transport in soybean

    3. Formulating an integrated quantitative theory of root gravitropism: linking statolith sedimentation, PIN polarization, auxin asymmetry, and angle-dependent curvature

    4. Mechanism and generality of centrifugation-induced diagravitropism and resultant-law violation in plant roots

    5. Evolutionary assembly of the fast root gravitropic mechanism in land plants: homology versus convergence of the PIN2-type auxin-transport module

    细胞核的高度有序组构与基因组的功能是怎样的关系？3 个问题

    1. Determinants and transcriptional consequences of mechanical coupling between nuclear condensates and chromatin

    2. Determinants of CTCF insulating potency, mechanisms of CTCF-independent enhancer–promoter communication, and locus-general rules for structural-variant effects on TAD architecture

    3. Causal directionality between nuclear lamina association, genome compartmentalization, and gene expression across cell lineages

    细胞如何对代谢过程进行集成管理？3 个问题

    1. Completing the division of labor in metabolic regulation: which mechanisms control the metabolic reactions unassigned to transcription, translation, acetylation, and phosphorylation?

    2. Molecular mechanism of metabolite sensing by nuclear hormone receptors in the C. elegans dietary response: how perturbed mitochondrial metabolic flux signals to NHR-10, NHR-68, and NHR-114

    3. How metabolic regulation and hierarchical gene-expression regulation combine to coordinate Escherichia coli central metabolism

    细胞信号转导网络的内稳态平衡机制2 个问题

    1. Molecular mechanisms and scope of the parallel adaptive expression feedback that stabilizes the Ca2+ signaling system (STIM, SERCA, PMCA)

    2. Network-level crosstalk compensation as a general design principle of gene networks: generalization beyond the two-input in vitro demonstration and discovery of natural crosstalk-compensation motifs

    细菌之间有交流吗（群体效应）？3 个问题

    1. Biosynthetic origin, bacterial detection mechanism, and in vivo function of the mammalian epithelial autoinducer-2 mimic (L-xylosone/L-xylulose) in host-bacteria quorum-sensing crosstalk

    2. Molecular mechanism of AI-2 sensing and AI-2-controlled energetic coupling between Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Clostridium acetobutylicum under nutritional stress

    3. Molecular, structural, and physiological basis of autoinducer-2 sensing through dCache_1-domain receptors in prokaryotes

    小小的唾液酸中蕴藏着多大的奥秘？1 个问题

    1. Endogenous functional ligands of Siglec-7 on tumor cells: completing the ligand map and the structural rules that convert sialoside binding into NK-cell inhibition

    熊猫的“伪拇指”是如何进化形成的？1 个问题

    1. Do the convergent amino-acid substitutions identified in the giant and red pandas (DYNC2H1, PCNT, and bamboo-nutrient genes) causally alter protein function and produce the pandas' convergent pseudothumb and dietary adaptations?

    抑郁症和精神分裂症是怎样发生的？1 个问题

    1. Causal direction of the association between late-life depression and subcortical Lewy body pathology and regional neuronal loss

    意识和智慧的生物学基础2 个问题

    1. Open core of the Cogitate adversarial test of consciousness theories: causal necessity of prefrontal cortex and the missing ignition and posterior-synchronization mechanisms

    2. From correlation to mechanism: replication, causal direction, and mediating neurocircuitry of the trait-wisdom by moral-condition brain-activation interaction

    有花植物双受精过程中配子融合是随机的吗？3 个问题

    1. Regulation of the sperm fusogen GCS1/HAP2 in Arabidopsis double fertilization: female-side interactors, DMP8/DMP9-dependent control, in vivo trimerization dynamics, and the quantitative basis of fusion competence

    2. Sperm-side perception and signaling of egg-cell-secreted EC1 peptides during double fertilization in flowering plants

    3. Mechanism of sperm-egg versus sperm-central-cell fusion preference in angiosperm double fertilization, and the source of opposite fusion biases among single sperm-like cells

    语言与脑是如何进化的：4 个问题

    1. Functional consequences and phenotypic targets of positive selection in language-impairment and dyslexia genes (FOXP2, CNTNAP2, ROBO1, ROBO2, KIAA0319)

    2. The precursor-assembly problem in the self-domestication account of language evolution: why do domesticated species other than humans exhibit only isolated language precursor traits?

    3. Causal functions and anatomical validation of the tractography-derived divergence of human language pathways: arcuate fasciculus versus extreme capsule and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus

    4. Mechanism by which the human-specific FOXP2 substitutions reshape cortico-basal ganglia circuits: direct in-vivo transcriptional targets and the dopamine phenotype in humanized Foxp2 mice

    怎样利用计算机模拟来了解动物感觉系统的计算机制？2 个问题

    1. Biological plausibility of interneuron gradient computation in whole-body Caenorhabditis elegans chemotaxis simulation: naturalistic optimization without teaching signals

    2. Implementation and functional significance of composite receptive fields generated by sparseness and divisive normalization in high-order auditory circuits

    长期记忆的机制或物质基础是什么？1 个问题

    1. Testing the Orb2-aggregate biochemical engram of Drosophila long-term memory: irreversible abolishment by complete aggregate elimination, cellular specificity of aggregation, and the sustained synapse-localized translational output

    真菌的祖先是谁？5 个问题

    1. Robust resolution of the remaining deep nodes of the Opisthokonta tree of life: the root of unicellular Holozoa, the placement of Tunicaraptor, early fungal branching, the position of Olpidium, and the position of Placozoa

    2. Fungal affinity, taxonomic placement, and geographic extent of the ~635 Ma fungus-like microfossils in karstic sheet-cavities of the Doushantuo cap dolostone, South China

    3. Fungal affinity of the 2.4-billion-year-old mycelium-like filaments in the Ongeluk Formation basalt, South Africa

    4. Resolving the early evolution of Fungi: deep basal relationships, independent losses of the flagellum, and the ancestral nutritional mode and habitat

    5. Unresolved deep nodes in the early diversification of fungi: the placement of Glomeromycota and the root of Microsporidia

    植物的衰老及其调控4 个问题

    1. Molecular identity of the pheophorbide a-dependent retrograde signal linking chloroplast chlorophyll-catabolite status to jasmonate signaling during dark-induced senescence

    2. Mechanistic basis of antagonistic SCOOP10 versus SCOOP12 signaling through the MIK2 receptor-like kinase during Arabidopsis leaf senescence

    3. Direct molecular mechanism linking the MADS-box transcription factor HuCMB1 to downstream senescence effectors in pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) fruit

    4. Constraints or adaptations in plant ageing: the evolutionary roles of clonality, organ durability, programmed death, and adventitious shoot formation, and whether adventitious shoot formation prevents senescence from meristem ageing

    植物的细胞壁是怎样形成的？2 个问题

    1. Open questions in plant cellulose synthase complex assembly and regulation: the PCR-interface ligand, the in vivo oligomeric organization of CesA isoforms, phosphorylation function, and the rosette-to-microfibril chain-number relationship

    2. Unresolved quantitative questions in cellulose synthase complex dynamics during secondary cell wall deposition: delivery versus residence time, per-complex synthesis rate, and targeting to microtubule-band domains

    植物有性生殖与无性生殖是如何起源和进化的？3 个问题

    1. Apogamous apomixis in the fern Dryopteris affinis: functional roles of candidate genes and the molecular pathway from unreduced spore to apogamous embryo

    2. The unresolved origin of the apomictic Ranunculus cassubicus complex: the causal mechanism linking hybridization and polyploidization to the switch to apomixis, its reticulate ancestry, and the age of the asexual lineages

    3. Testing the Muralidhar–Haig model for the origin of triploid apomicts in Taraxacum: euploid-pollen back-transmission, tetraploid intermediates, clonal-fitness dynamics, realistic genetic architecture, and empirical validation

    DNA构象如何影响基因的表达？3 个问题

    1. Molecular mechanism of transcriptional repression by accumulated negative DNA supercoiling in the human genome

    2. Cell-state-resolved activity and causal role of conserved Z-flipons in transcription reinitiation

    3. Mechanism of G-quadruplex-dependent transcriptional regulation at the Dele and Cdc6 CpG islands

    DNA为什么在一个细胞周期内只复制一次？2 个问题

    1. Context and cell-type determinants of DNA re-replication induced by deregulation of replication licensing factors in human cells

    2. Conservation and molecular mechanism of ORC·DNA·Cdc6 autoinhibition in eukaryotic origin licensing

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