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    Disciplines / Research questions

    Physics

    691 research topics · 2739 questions

    Many-body QED problems in atomic systems5 questions

    1. Many-electron extension of the finite-temperature QED one-loop self-energy program for blackbody-radiation shifts of atomic levels

      Open for about 1 year

    2. Vertex-extended, accuracy-controlled model QED operator for many-electron relativistic calculations

      Open for about 11 years

    3. Complex-scaled ab initio QED theory of autoionizing states beyond non-mixing two-electron resonances: level mixing and multi-electron ions

      Open for about 3 years

    4. Rigorous bound-state QED evaluation of the two-photon-exchange and screened radiative corrections to the ground-state gg factor of boronlike ions

      Open for about 7 years

    5. Complete one-loop QED corrections to hyperfine structure in heavy many-electron atoms: the self-energy with many-body effects

      Open for about 1 year
    Mechanism and model of noise effects on human annoyance4 questions

    1. Noise sensitivity as an exposure-independent risk factor for future mental and cardiovascular illness: adjudicating the environmental-susceptibility versus anxiety-proxy accounts and the intermediate disease pathways

      Open for about 11 years

    2. Community response to high-speed railway noise in China: combined noise-vibration exposure, indoor exposure, and non-acoustic factors in annoyance assessment and prediction

      Open for about 5 years

    3. Causal status of noise sensitivity in the road traffic noise–annoyance–health pathway: causal factor, latent-susceptibility marker, or reporting artifact?

      Open for about 17 years

    4. Translating expectation-framing effects on wind-turbine noise annoyance from the laboratory to real wind-farm communities

      Open for about 10 years
    Bonding interface characteristics and ultrasonic quantitative non-destructive evaluation of bonding strength8 questions

    1. Quantitative ultrasonic characterization of kissing bonds in adhesive joints: combining linear and nonlinear measurements into a validated bond-condition inspection procedure

      Open for about 17 years

    2. Quantitative dynamic acousto-elastic characterization of adhesive bonded joints: absolute calibration, hysteretic constitutive identification, and bond-state discrimination

      Open for about 14 years

    3. Fully nondestructive, uncertainty-quantified quantitative imaging of bonding strength at bonded solid–solid interfaces (contact acoustic nonlinearity microscopy)

      Open for about 40 years

    4. Ultrasonic detection of kissing-bond weak adhesive bonds in composite joints beyond immersion acoustic microscopy

      Open for about 35 years

    5. Quantitative nonlinear ultrasonic inspection of contamination-layer kissing bonds in adhesive joints

      Open for about 17 years

    6. Quantitative nondestructive inversion of ultrasonic tone-burst reflection phase to absolute adhesive bond strength

      Open for about 7 years

    7. Simultaneous ultrasonic inversion of adhesive-layer and interfacial properties of weakly bonded joints, and predictive linkage of interfacial stiffness to bond strength

      Open for about 9 years

    8. Unique inversion and mechanical-strength validation of shear-horizontal ultrasonic guided-wave evaluation of adhesive lap joints

      Open for about 12 years
    Response selection mechanism of the SOS signal pathway in eukaryotic cells6 questions

    1. Open structural and mechanistic questions of the interdependent SOS–Ras activation loop: activity-state interconversion of membrane-anchored SOS, SOS C-terminal-tail modulation of allosteric affinity, nucleotide-state substrate preference, and REM-domain allosteric regulation

      Open for about 8 years

    2. Spatially explicit and cell-line-quantitative validation of localized RAS activation in the RAF-isoform-aware MAPK/ERK rule-based model

      Open for about 1 year

    3. Generality, mechanistic control, and pharmacological consequences of processivity-driven stochastic bimodality in SOS–Ras signaling

      Open for about 3 years

    4. The operative mechanism of positive feedback and switch-like Ras activation by SOS in living cells

      Open for about 17 years

    5. Mechanism and in vivo function of SOS allosteric-feedback digital Ras signaling in primary lymphocytes

      Open for about 17 years

    6. In vivo mechanistic origin of the sharp boundary between positive and negative thymocyte selection: status of the SOS-feedback digital Ras activation model

      Open for about 17 years
    Parameterization of entire functions2 questions

    1. Distortion coordinates for simply connected wandering domains: holomorphic dependence beyond J-stability and parametrization beyond attracting Herman-type domains

      Open for about 3 years

    2. Distinguishing Case I from Case II in Kuznetsov's construction of measures with identical moments: intrinsic criteria on the generating entire function

      Open for about 10 years
    Global symmetry and local symmetry7 questions

    1. Completing the superselection-by-boundary-conditions account of spontaneous symmetry breaking: dynamical sector selection, non-Abelian extension, and experimental testability

      Open for less than 1 year

    2. Rigorous foundations of subsystem gauge-symmetry restoration and the quantum Mpemba effect in the lattice Schwinger model

      Open for less than 1 year

    3. Coincidence of gauge-invariant custodial-symmetry breaking with the separation-of-charge-to-color confinement transition in gauge-Higgs theories

      Open for about 8 years

    4. Massive gauge bosons from spontaneously broken global non-Abelian gauge symmetry: a non-perturbative existence theorem for the non-Abelian Higgs mechanism

      Open for about 13 years

    5. Finite non-Abelian gluing variety and the classification of directly empirically significant regional gauge symmetries in Yang–Mills theory

      Open for about 6 years

    6. Local unsymmetry as a structural diagnostic for manifold-like causal sets: characterization, few-layer infinite posets, and sprinklings beyond Minkowski spacetime

      Open for about 2 years

    7. Is any spontaneously broken remnant global gauge symmetry a physical diagnostic of confinement in SU(2) gauge-Higgs theory?

      Open for about 18 years
    The problem of the origin of mass3 questions

    1. Dynamical origin of electroweak symmetry breaking and particle masses: is the Higgs boson elementary or composite?

      Open for about 47 years

    2. Scheme-unambiguous first-principles decomposition of the proton mass into Higgs and QCD-dynamical contributions

      Open for about 7 years

    3. The electroweak hierarchy (naturalness) problem: why does the Higgs mass sit near the electroweak scale rather than the Planck scale?

      Open for about 50 years
    Proton-neutron shape decoupling phenomena5 questions

    1. Rotation-induced proton binding at the drip line: pairing confirmation of spin thresholds, particle-decay widths of quasi-bound rotational bands, and functional robustness

      Open for about 3 years

    2. Cluster-gas and linear-chain states in light carbon isotopes and the mechanism of proton-neutron shape decoupling in neutron-rich carbon

      Open for about 21 years

    3. Symmetry restoration beyond the intrinsic mean field and direct observable tests of the proton halo in 12^{12}N within the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum

      Open for less than 1 year

    4. Mapping between configuration-interaction shell-model amplitudes and experimental neutron/proton transition matrix elements in neutron-rich boron and carbon isotopes

      Open for about 16 years

    5. Validity domain of the generalized Bernstein formula for extracting the neutron-to-proton transition-matrix-element ratio Mn/MpM_n/M_p beyond few-tens-of-MeV proton scattering

      Open for about 4 years
    Water transport issues in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells6 questions

    1. Extending a generalized Stefan-Maxwell model of ion and water transport in polymer electrolyte membranes to liquid-equilibrated and two-phase conditions

      Open for about 16 years

    2. Humidity-dependent water transport across the membrane electrode assembly of phosphoric-acid-doped polybenzimidazole high-temperature PEM fuel cells

      Open for about 12 years

    3. Quantitative mechanistic control of vapor- versus liquid-dominated water removal across the gas diffusion layer and microporous layer of PEM fuel cells

      Open for about 18 years

    4. Interfacial water-transport resistance at the Nafion® membrane/gas interface: molecular origin, behavior under operating PEMFC conditions, and predictive coupling to membrane swelling and mechanics

      Open for about 19 years

    5. Causal mechanism linking interfacial water transport to proton conductivity in perfluorosulfonic acid membranes: channel tortuosity versus confinement-altered transport, and chemical versus geometric control

      Open for about 7 years

    6. A priori determination of the net water transfer coefficient and experimental validation of the steady two-zone water-transfer model for large-area PEM fuel cells

      Open for about 9 years
    Proton spin crisis2 questions

    1. Covariant three-dimensional account of the proton spin: QCD scale evolution of the composition functions u(ϵ,Q2)u(\epsilon,Q^2), v(ϵ,Q2)v(\epsilon,Q^2) and experimental access to V(Q2)V(Q^2)

      Open for about 13 years

    2. Poincaré-algebra consistency and global uniqueness of the gauge-invariant canonical decomposition of nucleon spin

      Open for about 18 years
    The problem of the origin of neutrino mass5 questions

    1. What fixes the absolute neutrino mass scale? Predictivity of the seesaw mechanism and the search for underlying dynamics

      Open for about 46 years

    2. Symmetry origin of the quasi-degenerate right-handed-neutrino mass splitting in the neutrino option

      Open for about 7 years

    3. Testing a low-scale origin of neutrino mass through scalar-mediated neutrino self-interactions in astrophysical neutrino signals

      Open for about 21 years

    4. Gauged U(1)B−LU(1)_{B-L} completion of the asymmetric self-interacting dark matter and Dirac leptogenesis framework

      Open for less than 1 year

    5. Microphysical origin of sterile right-handed neutrino masses in string-inspired anomaly leptogenesis

      Open for about 7 years
    Central charge cc1 questions

    1. Non-principal 'snake' Y-systems and non-compact-regime finite-size corrections for the twisted A2(1)A_2^{(1)} and A2(2)A_2^{(2)} lattice models

    Center spin probability3 questions

    1. Integrability of the inhomogeneous central-spin XX model for arbitrary central-spin quantum number

    2. Tight rigorous lower bounds and long-time asymptotics for the persisting correlation of a central spin in a large spin bath

    3. Tight Mazur bound and the Overhauser-field estimate for the non-decaying central-spin correlation in the isotropic central spin model

    Observational studies of high-energy radiation from neutron stars4 questions

    1. The true age, quiescent luminosity, and environment of the apparently youngest known magnetar Swift J1818.0−1607

      Open for about 6 years

    2. Locating particle acceleration and field geometry behind persistent magnetar hard X-ray tails

      Open for about 20 years

    3. Mechanism and thresholds of rapid switching between accretion-powered and rotation-powered states in transitional millisecond pulsars

      Open for about 12 years

    4. Origin of the migrating non-thermal emitting region in the 2024 outburst of the magnetar 1E 1841−045: crustal plastic flow versus magnetospheric untwisting, and its radiative mechanism

      Open for about 4 years
    Unconventional superconductivity and quantum criticality in heavy fermion compounds1 questions

    1. The pairing glue of heavy-fermion superconductors: antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations, phonons, or correlation-driven pairing

      Open for about 47 years
    Spontaneous fission of heavy atomic nuclei7 questions

    1. Spontaneous-fission heating by very heavy r-process nuclei and its systematic impact on kilonova ejecta-mass inference

      Open for about 12 years

    2. Microscopic origin of the effective collective inertia in spontaneous-fission half-life predictions: deriving or replacing the empirical global scaling of the irrotational-flow mass tensor

      Open for about 41 years

    3. Fission stability of huge, locally charge-neutral neutron-rich nuclei ('monsters'): quantitative verification of a qualitative claim

      Open for less than 1 year

    4. Quantitative spontaneous-fission half-lives with local-QRPA collective inertia in multidimensional collective space

      Open for about 2 years

    5. Extending semi-empirical spontaneous-fission half-life systematics to superheavy nuclei with vanishing liquid-drop barriers

      Open for about 11 years

    6. Cluster radioactivity in the superheavy region: half-lives and decay-mode competition

      Open for about 11 years

    7. Microscopic origin of shell-correction attenuation near scission and the N=152N=152 and Z=108Z=108 anomalies in spontaneous-fission half-lives of heavy and superheavy nuclei

      Open for about 13 years
    Periodic, anti-periodic, and open boundary conditions3 questions

    1. Relating the c=−2c=-2 and c=1c=1 conformal descriptions of the square-lattice dimer model and extending them to monomer-dimer systems

      Open for about 19 years

    2. Finite-size scaling of energy spectra along boundary RG flows in one-dimensional critical systems with open boundaries

      Open for about 2 years

    3. Universal finite-size gap scaling of the quantum Ising chain beyond the scaling limit: irrelevant-operator corrections, continuum-parameter extraction, and general Kitaev-chain defects

      Open for about 6 years
    Layer-by-layer transfer matrix2 questions

    1. Transfer-matrix spectra and finite-size scaling for two-dimensional spin systems with non-reciprocal couplings

    2. Doubly degenerate eigenvalue of the inhomogeneous supersymmetric eight-vertex transfer matrix

    Symmetry sectors of the transfer matrix2 questions

    1. Coulomb-gas identification of the critical Uq(sl3)U_{\mathfrak{q}}(\mathfrak{sl}_3) web models: exact central charges, electromagnetic conformal weights, and the fractal dimension of critical webs

      Open for about 5 years

    2. Quantum-group symmetries and Bethe-ansatz completeness for A2n(2)A_{2n}^{(2)} open spin chains: the remaining open problems

      Open for about 9 years
    Logarithmic derivative of the transfer matrix and quantum Hamiltonian2 questions

    1. Genuinely three-dimensional spectral-parameter vertex R-matrices with local Hermitian two-dimensional Hamiltonians, and a finite-size commutativity criterion for the combined integrability equations

      Open for about 3 years

    2. Scaling-limit Jordan cells and Virasoro module structure of the Yang–Baxter integrable dimer model on a strip

      Open for about 7 years
    Functional relations of the transfer matrix3 questions

    1. Inversion identities and analyticity structure for the transfer matrix of Shastry's one-dimensional Hubbard vertex model

      Open for about 10 years

    2. Universal Baxter functional relations for integrable systems with reflecting boundaries via quantum symmetric pairs

      Open for about 1 year

    3. Jordan-cell structure of the critical site-percolation logarithmic CFT and its universality with bond percolation

      Open for about 7 years
    Sub-lattice density3 questions

    1. Phase diagram of hard k×k×kk\times k\times k cubes on the cubic lattice: the fate of sublattice order for k≥3k\ge 3, the near-full-packing regime, the continuum limit, and the failure of lattice density-functional theory

    2. Dense sphere packings on the integer lattice Z3\mathbb{Z}^3 for arbitrary exclusion distance: the lattice analogue of Kepler's conjecture

    3. Charge ordering of spinless fermions on the Bethe lattice at general coordination number: exact inhomogeneous solution, phase diagram, and thermodynamics

    Ultraviolet central charge2 questions

    1. Ultraviolet central charge of the periodic integrable U(N) amplitudes in the two-dimensional S-matrix bootstrap

    2. Ultraviolet fixed point of the FPS integrable QFT: massless flavour count, exact central charge, and CFT identification

    Experimental verification of spontaneous emission coherence effects6 questions

    1. Quantitative model-to-data closure and quantum-feedback control of spontaneously generated ground-state coherence in a driven two-mode cavity-QED system

      Open for about 15 years

    2. Robustness and decay-channel effects of the vacuum-induced-coherence-protected bound state in the cold-atom continuum

      Open for about 7 years

    3. Extending the Decoherence-Free Regime of Vacuum-Assisted Spontaneously Generated Coherences in X-Ray Mössbauer Thin-Film Cavities

      Open for about 13 years

    4. Realizability and robustness of SGC-based sub-half-wavelength localization of cold 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb} atoms via probe absorption

      Open for about 9 years

    5. Extending the momentum-resolved study of vacuum-induced coherence in velocity-selective coherent population trapping of moving atoms to other quantum-optical systems

      Open for about 18 years

    6. Spontaneously generated coherence–mediated orbital angular momentum transfer: experimental realization, tolerances, and robustness in a near-degenerate V-type atomic medium

      Open for about 7 years
    Spontaneous polarization3 questions

    1. Validating and exploiting the stress- and dopant-mediated (002)-texture mechanism behind the large remanent polarization of La-doped HfO2 thin films

      Open for about 6 years

    2. Making the giant spontaneous polarization of zincblende III-V semiconductors experimentally switchable

      Open for about 1 year

    3. Quantitative mechanism of polarization-induced carrier-lifetime enhancement in ferroelectric photoabsorbers and the causal role of ferroelectricity in organohalide perovskites

    Nonequilibrium statistical physics of self-organization in self-propelled particles4 questions

    1. Dynamical large deviations and quasi-potential of interacting run-and-tumble particle systems with memory

      Open for about 3 years

    2. Constitutive laws and rigidity transitions for dense, dry, self-propelled frictional grains (the μ(I,A)\mu(I,\mathcal{A}) program)

      Open for about 10 years

    3. Fluctuating kinetic theory and fluctuating hydrodynamics of dilute aligning active particles with nematic symmetry

      Open for about 4 years

    4. Beyond-mean-field theory and experimental tests of the scale-free-chaos phase transition of the harmonically confined Vicsek model

      Open for about 3 years
    Do spin liquids exist?3 questions

    1. Anyon-physics validation of the Kitaev quantum spin liquid in a controlled experimental platform: initialization, braiding, and fusion of vortex Majorana modes

      Open for about 23 years

    2. Do quantum spin liquids occur in the cuprates? The spin-liquid identity of the pseudogap metal

      Open for about 39 years

    3. Ground state of the nearest-neighbor spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the kagome lattice

      Open for about 37 years
    Free fermion representation3 questions

    1. Free fermions in disguise without exponential degeneracies: simple connections to the XY chain and the family of non-degenerate constructions

      Open for less than 1 year

    2. Secular equations and eigenvalue structure of the Onsager algebras generated by the n-state generalized Jordan-Wigner constructions (Minami's Theorems 2 and 3)

      Open for about 5 years

    3. Flat-spectrum, zero-mode, and maximal-value conjectures for the fermionic interaction distance underlying free-fermion descriptions of ZN\mathbb{Z}_N topological states

    Free fermion condition1 questions

    1. Free-fermion solvability of the two-dimensional Ising model in a real magnetic field

      Open for about 82 years
    How are clusters formed in free space?4 questions

    1. First-principles kinetic theory of homogeneous vapor-to-liquid nucleation for real, nonspherical molecules

      Open for about 35 years

    2. Mechanism-robust quantitative description of carbonaceous nanoparticle formation behind shock waves: kinetics sensitivity, nucleation–growth partition, and size-dependent optical effects

      Open for about 20 years

    3. Reconciling ab initio and experimentally extracted association rate coefficients in barrierless water cluster formation at extreme supersaturation

      Open for about 6 years

    4. Reactive-gas-assisted nucleation and growth of transition-metal clusters in a magnetron gas aggregation cluster source: mechanism, nucleation–growth separation, and predictive process windows

      Open for about 13 years
    Largest eigenvalue and thermodynamic free energy2 questions

    1. Open problems in the rigorous free-energy computation of the six-vertex model: analyticity of condensed Bethe solutions at all densities, optimal half-filling asymptotics, asymmetric weights, and full-range rotational invariance

      Open for about 5 years

    2. Fluctuations of the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick free energy at low temperature, including the zero-temperature ground state

      Open for about 34 years
    Nearest-neighbor Ising model2 questions

    1. Exact solution of the three-dimensional nearest-neighbor Ising model on the simple-cubic lattice

      Open for about 82 years

    2. Exactness and mathematical control of the conjectured closed-form free energy of the square-lattice Ising model in a real magnetic field

      Open for about 82 years
    Nearest-neighbor exclusion lattice gas2 questions

    1. Logarithmic finite-size corrections at the marginal transition of the triangular lattice gas with first- and second-neighbor exclusions

    2. Universality class of the fluid–columnar transition in the square-lattice hard-core lattice gas with second-neighbor exclusion (2NN hard squares)

    Coordinate Bethe Ansatz2 questions

    1. Open problems in the chiral coordinate Bethe ansatz for phantom eigenstates of the open XXZ spin-1/2 chain: rigorous proof for arbitrary magnon number, invariant-subspace classification, and extensions to the XYZ chain and non-Hermitian systems

      Open for about 5 years

    2. Coordinate Bethe ansatz solvability of open XXZ and XXX spin chains with fully generic non-diagonal boundaries

      Open for about 14 years
    activity/fugacity zz3 questions

    1. The phase diagram of the loop O(n) model on the hexagonal lattice, its hard-hexagon limit, and exponential decay of correlations in the planar spin O(n) model

    2. The intermediate-fugacity phase diagram of the 2×22\times2 hard-square model: uniqueness threshold, order, and universality class of the transition

    3. The critical fugacity of the hard-core model on Zd\mathbb{Z}^d: sharp asymptotics and uniqueness of the phase transition

    Affine Toda field theory3 questions

    1. All-loop perturbative integrability and the classification of two-dimensional integrable quantum field theories under simply-laced scattering conditions

    2. Massive ODE/IM correspondence for modified affine Toda field equations: the untwisted non-simply-laced algebras and proof beyond the conformal limit

    3. Integrable purely transmitting defects in affine Toda field theories beyond the ar(1)a_r^{(1)} series: classical integrability and quantum transmission matrices

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