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    Disciplines / Research questions

    地球科学

    48 个研究主题 · 161 个问题

    板块构造运动的驱动力2 个问题

    1. Basal traction versus slab pull as the driver of protracted continental collisions (Alps, Zagros, Himalaya)

    2. Robustness of the slab-pull versus pressure-driven asthenosphere-flow balance, and the extent of tectonic bistability, in plate-generating mantle convection models with realistic non-Newtonian rheology

    暴雨灾害天气的机理和预测研究1 个问题

    1. Beyond initial-condition errors: practical predictability limits and convection-allowing ensemble design for warm-sector torrential rainfall in the South China monsoon region

    冲积河流为什么会变得弯曲？7 个问题

    1. Initiation and sustenance of river meandering in an initially straight alluvial channel: alternate-bar instability versus external curvature forcing

    2. What determines the equilibrium sinuosity of a meandering alluvial river: testing the cascade-like energy dissipation mechanism against independent evidence

    3. What sets the downstream sinuosity profile of lowland alluvial rivers near their outlets: testing the meandering-avulsion pace-competition hypothesis

    4. Verifying sediment supply as the driver of meander migration, cutoff, and floodplain sediment storage in the Amazon Basin

    5. Quantitative dynamics of the self-constraining feedback in low-energy meandering rivers: temporal trajectories, the conjectured threshold hysteresis, and boundary conditions

    6. What initiates upstream-rotating meanders: isolating low sediment supply and slow point-bar growth from alternative mechanisms in Amazonian rivers

    7. Onset of meandering of a straight alluvial river: verification of the counter-rotating macro-turbulent-eddy mechanism and predictive foundation of the onset criterion

    磁层-电离层-大气层耦合1 个问题

    1. Mechanism and magnitude of the ionospheric field-aligned-current response to cusp–flux-transfer-event reconnection

    磁层空间中的波-粒相互作用2 个问题

    1. Nonlinear radiation belt electron–chorus interactions with realistic wave packets: predicting the nonlinear-regime map and scattering statistics, and incorporating them into transport models

    2. Quantifying EMIC wave-driven loss of ultra-relativistic electrons in Earth's radiation belts: storm-level dominance, wave climatology, and diffusion parameterization

    大陆地壳形成过程中的铌（Nb\mathrm{Nb}）-钽（Ta\mathrm{Ta}）之谜4 个问题

    1. The missing high-Nb/Ta reservoir of the bulk silicate Earth: what balances Earth's subchondritic niobium/tantalum ratio

    2. Closing the silicate Earth's niobium budget: delaminated amphibole-rich arc cumulates, hidden high-Nb/Ta reservoirs, and the unresolved Nb paradox

    3. Rutile-controlled Nb/Ta fractionation in arc magma differentiation and the quantitative arclogite budget of the continents

    4. Closing the terrestrial Nb–Ta mass balance: are rutile-bearing arc-root cumulates volumetrically sufficient for the low Nb/Ta of the continental crust, and what reservoir balances the subchondritic Nb/Ta of the bulk silicate Earth?

    地幔柱构造及其验证2 个问题

    1. Seismic detectability of thermochemical deep-mantle plumes: what traveltime and waveform signatures distinguish plumes from imaging artifacts, and can advanced methods overcome sparse data coverage at hotspots?

    2. Origins of the relative motions of the long-lived Hawaiian, Louisville, and Rurutu mantle plumes: the 60-50 Ma Hawaiian plume drift, deep plume-root mobility, and the incomplete Rurutu record

    地球层圈结构中流体的作用1 个问题

    1. Quantifying dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle: water partitioning, hydrous-melt fate, seismic attribution, and the transition-zone water filter hypothesis

    地球空间电流体系4 个问题

    1. Growth-phase BzB_z hump conditions and the quantitative fidelity of data-mining-based global empirical reconstructions of magnetospheric substorms

    2. Source attribution and transmission physics of global ionospheric disturbance current systems driven by penetration electric fields, solar wind pressure impulses, substorms, and ULF waves

    3. Global extension of joint ground-satellite separation of fast-varying ionospheric, magnetospheric, and induced geomagnetic fields, and its use in 3-D mantle-conductivity inversion

    4. Ionospheric current sources of storm-time geomagnetically induced currents: auroral-equatorial coupling during sudden impulses, ~100 km localized structures, and turbulent IMF fluctuations

    地球内核平动振荡2 个问题

    1. Closure of the damping budget of inner-core translational (Slichter) oscillations: inner-core anelasticity, stable stratification, and Ohmic dissipation with constrained inner-core-boundary parameters

    2. Finite-rate phase-transformation kinetics at the inner-core boundary and the Slichter translational eigenperiod

    地球上生命从什么时候开始的？4 个问题

    1. Origin of the ~3.7 Ga Isua (Greenland) carbonate structures: Earth's oldest stromatolites or post-depositional deformation features?

    2. Biogenic or abiotic? The origin of isotopically light graphite in the 4.1 Ga Jack Hills zircon and the Hadean carbon isotope record

    3. Open questions on the biogenic graphite of the ≥3.7 Ga Isua supracrustal belt: metamorphic isotope overprint, precursor nature, palaeoecological extent, and abiotic–biogenic discrimination

    4. How the cellular systems of the last universal common ancestor were assembled: the pathway, environment, and membrane composition of the transition from origin-of-life chemistry to the LUCA population

    地球上最古老的岩石是什么时候形成的？3 个问题

    1. Hadean crust or Eoarchean inheritance: the age of the Nuvvuagittuq Supracrustal Belt and the origin of its ¹⁴²Nd anomalies

    2. High-precision U–Pb geochronology of the Eoarchean Iqaluk Gneiss and a direct depositional age for the Nulliak supracrustal assemblage, Saglek Block, northern Labrador

    3. Origin of the negative initial εHf\varepsilon\mathrm{Hf} in Earth's oldest evolved rocks — the ~4.02 Ga Idiwhaa gneisses of the Acasta Gneiss Complex — and their implications for whether the Hadean Earth was dominated by mafic crust or included significant amounts of continental crust

    地球深部超临界流体4 个问题

    1. Quantitative constraints on supercritical fluid generation, percolation, and electrical conductivity in the roof of stagnant slabs in the mantle transition zone

    2. Experimental and thermodynamic determination of the liquid–vapor topology of binary silicate–H₂O systems and the physical properties of supercritical silicate-bearing fluids at deep-crust and upper-mantle conditions

    3. Determining the water-saturated solidus and second critical endpoint of the peridotite–H2O system at upper-mantle pressures, and testing the deep hydrous partial-melting-zone model of magma genesis in the mantle wedge

    4. Validated molecular-level description of NaCl dissociation, ion clustering, and solvent response in supercritical aqueous fluids across the salinity range

    地球生态系统的终结：我们还有多长时间？2 个问题

    1. Unresolved controls on the timing and trajectory of Earth's terminal atmospheric deoxygenation

    2. Future lifespan and kill mechanism of Earth's terrestrial biosphere under a brightening Sun: constraining the planetary silicate-weathering response (TeT_{\mathrm{e}}, β\beta) and the dimensionality of coupled climate-carbon-vegetation modeling

    地球生物学与微生物地质过程4 个问题

    1. Microbially enhanced basalt weathering: identifying the dominant acidification mechanism, the mineral-scale dissolution pathway, and the field-scale relevance of the batch enhancement reported by Wu et al. (2007)

    2. Global prevalence, time scales, and quantitative significance of the geologically mediated subsurface microbial dispersal loop

    3. The basal power limit for life in marine subseafloor sediments: how do microbial communities persist at extremely low energy fluxes?

    4. Mechanism and diagenetic fate of the microbially influenced Mg-silicate and dolomite mineralisation pathway in Great Salt Lake microbialites

    地下绝对应力大小的测定3 个问题

    1. Objective, compliance-corrected hydraulic-fracturing stress determination and stress–hydraulic coupling in fractured crystalline rock: open questions from the Xinjiang HLW candidate-area campaign (Zhao et al., 2015)

    2. Reconciling discrepant in-situ stress magnitudes from borehole breakouts, core discing, and hydraulic fracturing: quantifying method-specific bias at borehole Blanche-1 (Olympic Dam HDR site) and testing the stress state to 4-5 km reservoir depth

    3. Tightening the energy-balance bound on absolute crustal stress and quantifying pore-fluid-pressure control of aftershock triggering for the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence

    地质历史时期大规模海洋有机质堆积事件发生的原因2 个问题

    1. Quantitative constraints and mechanistic coupling of organic matter sulfurization as a driver of organic carbon burial during Ocean Anoxic Event 2

    2. Quantitative attribution of the drivers of deoxygenation and organic-carbon burial during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic)

    东亚独特气候变化的特征和成因研究2 个问题

    1. Detection and attribution of anthropogenic influence on East Asian summer monsoon rainfall: seasonal totals and extreme-event duration structure

    2. Disentangling the mechanisms of the East Asian springtime rainfall dipole and its response to combined greenhouse warming and declining anthropogenic aerosols

    厄尔尼诺预测能力还有多少提升空间？2 个问题

    1. Validating and attributing long-lead climate-network ENSO early-warning skill: benchmark sensitivity, generalization, and La Niña extension

    2. Extending event-resolved information-theoretic predictability of ENSO complexity to realistic coupled models: ensemble-size, Gaussian-approximation, data-assimilation, model-error, and multi-model frontiers

    分布式水文模型3 个问题

    1. A principled, transferable criterion for spatial discretization in distributed hydrological models

    2. Systematic rules and criteria for parameter transplantation in physically based distributed TOPKAPI-type flood prediction for ungauged basins

    3. Multi-criteria conditioning of integrated distributed hydrological models within GLUE: behavioural-solution discrimination, error-source separation, grid-scale choice, and calibration-data design

    海底冷泉及其生态系统2 个问题

    1. Validating deep-sea cold seep nitrogen loss: in situ rates, global seep extent, and the unconfirmed microbial agents

    2. Completing the faunal and biogeographic characterization of South China Sea cold seeps: the unsurveyed Yam (Four Way Closure Ridge) seep, unresolved taxa, and vent–seep population connectivity in the Northwest Pacific

    海洋微型生物的物种之谜？——从纯系培养到环境基因组学研究的启示2 个问题

    1. What sets SAR11 ecotype seasonal and biogeographic boundaries in the North Atlantic: warm-ecotype persistence in the Western English Channel, the uncultured clade II lineages, and multidecadal change at BATS

    2. The unresolved eco-evolutionary basis of SAR11 (Pelagibacterales) species units: recombination versus ecological speciation, coexistence determinants, and reconciliation with rank-normalized taxonomy

    海洋中溶解有机碳的年龄差异3 个问题

    1. The marine dissolved organic carbon size–age continuum: molecular basis, deep-ocean radiocarbon sources, and controls on recalcitrant DOC formation

    2. Origins of the ancient black-carbon component and the deep-conveyor aging mechanism of marine dissolved organic carbon radiocarbon

    3. Attribution of the anomalously 14C-depleted dissolved organic carbon in the deep North Pacific Ocean

    河流河床物质组成沿流程变细过程中为什么存在突变现象？10 个问题

    1. A general mechanistic synthesis of the fluvial gravel–sand transition and the 1–5 mm grain-size gap in river bed sediments

    2. Autogenic origin of the fluvial grain-size gap and gravel–sand transition: is an externally imposed control necessary?

    3. Unifying the formation mechanism and migration dynamics of abrupt gravel-sand transitions in alluvial rivers

    4. Open questions on static-armor coarsening in a degradational sand–gravel bed: the role of evolving bed porosity and bed structure, the model time-scale mismatch, and representativeness for natural gravel–sand transitions

    5. Basin-scale test of the migrant gravel-front hypothesis: quantifying along-strike diachronism of the abrupt gravel-sand transition in the Siwalik molasse of the Himalayan foreland basin

    6. Controls on the grain size distribution of hillslope sediment supplied to river networks and its downstream transformation by abrasion and fragmentation

    7. Open questions on the gravel–sand transition in large lowland alluvial rivers under low and changing sediment supply: transient bed response, dam-altered regimes, and cross-system generality (from Singer, 2008)

    8. Does collision-driven attrition (spallation) quantitatively account for the abrupt grain-size transitions of alluvial rivers and eolian sand seas?

    9. Quantitative mechanisms, mass balance, and prediction of the punctuated, patch-mediated advance of the Vedder Canal gravel front

    10. Causal controls on the position and abruptness of the gravel-to-sand transition along the Upper Tualatin River, Oregon: valley-slope break, bank cohesion, and riparian vegetation, and the predictability of the transition by a coupled mechanistic model

    灰霾天气的形成与演化6 个问题

    1. Causal attribution of accumulated winter haze PM2.5 mass to new-particle-formation-driven growth versus other secondary pathways in Beijing

    2. Quantitative attribution of the decadal evolution of winter fog and haze over North China and the Huang-Huai area, and the mechanism of its fog-level spatial patterns

    3. Organic aerosol hygroscopicity and the water-uptake-to-visibility chain during severe haze in eastern China

    4. Quantitative attribution of rapid multiphase sulfate formation during severe winter haze in northern China: dominant SO2 oxidation pathways, chemical regimes, and model closure

    5. Quantitative attribution of nitrate and sulfate formation pathways and emission sources during winter haze in the Longyou basin, eastern China

    6. Quantifying aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol formation in Chinese winter haze and resolving the droplet-mode sampling ambiguity

    集合资料同化中的模式误差估计问题3 个问题

    1. Autonomous regularized bias-aware ensemble Kalman filtering: adaptive tuning of the bias-regularization weight, validity of the linearized bias update, and robust learned bias prediction for time-dependent model errors

    2. Extending the multi-model ensemble Kalman filter to correlated inter-model forecast errors, per-model bias, and multi-attractor regimes

    3. Mis-specified time-correlated model error in the (ensemble) Kalman smoother beyond linear scalar dynamics: analysis and robust online estimation of the error memory time-scale

    陆生植物登陆之谜2 个问题

    1. Origin and functional significance of the putatively horizontally acquired GRAS and PYR/PYL/RCAR stress-signaling gene families in the common ancestor of Zygnematophyceae and land plants

    2. Biological affinity of the earliest trilete and hilate spores: do the Late Ordovician dispersed-spore records document an Ordovician origin of the vascular-plant lineage?

    灭绝核素的分布和起源3 个问题

    1. The origin of the early Solar System's fresh 26^{26}Al: self-consistent viability of supernova disk injection and the competing enrichment channels

    2. Deciding a purely Galactic-chemical-evolution origin for the early Solar System short-lived radionuclides 60^{60}Fe and 53^{53}Mn: the 60^{60}Fe/53^{53}Mn ratio mismatch and the missing supernova-source constraints

    3. Confirming or falsifying the low-mass core-collapse supernova trigger for solar system formation: multi-dimensional explosion and injection physics, short-lived radionuclide yields, and meteoritic isotopic tests

    内核是超速旋转的吗？3 个问题

    1. Quantifying and explaining the reversing differential rotation of Earth's inner core: absolute rates, rotation versus inner-core-boundary structure change, the multi-decadal trajectory, and its dynamics

    2. Gravimetric detectability and inversion of the gravity-field signature of inner-core differential rotation

    3. Short-wavelength topography on Earth's inner-core boundary: advection by inner-core rotation versus time-dependent boundary change

    千古之谜——1908通古斯大爆炸4 个问题

    1. Locating surviving macroscopic fragments of the 1908 Tunguska Cosmic Body: an uncertainty-quantified strewn field and its field test

    2. Unexplained luminous phenomena in the 1908 Tunguska eyewitness accounts: physical nature, relation to the primary energetic event, and reconciliation with the forestfall evidence

    3. The formation age of Lake Cheko (Siberia) and the impact-crater hypothesis for the 1908 Tunguska event

    4. The nature and atmospheric disintegration of the 1908 Tunguska cosmic body: cometary or asteroidal origin, fragmentation physics, and surviving ground remains

    热流佯谬4 个问题

    1. Apparent friction of the creeping San Andreas fault from heat flow

    2. Can heat-transport and energy-partitioning mechanisms mask frictional heating on the San Andreas Fault, or does the absence of a heat-flow anomaly require low fault shear stress?

    3. Determining the long-term strength of stick-slip versus creeping subduction megathrusts from heat flow, and reconciling it with independent strength indicators

    4. What sets the very low strength of the San Andreas Fault at seismogenic depth: weak smectite-bearing gouge, mineral fabric, or elevated pore-fluid pressure?

    热盐环流的形成及演变机理4 个问题

    1. Freshwater sensitivity of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: meltwater routing, deglacial–interglacial state dependence, and model fidelity

    2. Physical grounding of the energy-constraint theory of thermohaline circulation: threshold robustness beyond conceptual models, an energy-to-mixing parameterization, and reconciliation with buoyancy-driven dynamics

    3. Does wind-stress-induced thermohaline circulation hysteresis and the coexistence of steady and Dansgaard–Oeschger-like oscillatory regimes persist in realistic ocean and coupled climate models?

    4. Glacial thermohaline circulation: which hemisphere forces Atlantic overturning variability at orbital versus millennial timescales?

    人类活动在全球气候变化中的作用2 个问题

    1. Incorporating inter-model pattern uncertainty into optimal fingerprinting for model-robust attribution of greenhouse-gas versus other-anthropogenic warming

    2. Probabilistic energy-balance attribution of observed warming: the anthropogenic–natural partition under unresolved aerosol forcing, efficacy, and time-varying feedback uncertainties

    日冕加热机制2 个问题

    1. Closing the generation-to-dissipation chain of the ubiquitous low-frequency Alfvénic waves that power the quiet solar corona and fast solar wind

    2. Open core of the self-regulated coronal heating paradigm: reconnection regime and quantitative evaporation–collisionality feedback in solar coronal loops

    如何对于冲积河流河床形态方程进行封闭求解？7 个问题

    1. Regime closure for disturbed gravel-bed rivers: the reference Shields stress–slope relation and transient channel adjustment under unsteady water and sediment supply

    2. Finite-amplitude saturation of river dune and antidune instabilities: closing the subcritical antidune branch and the role of suspended load

    3. Equilibrium shape of sediment-carrying rivers: extending the Boltzmann transport-equilibrium closure from laminar laboratory rivers to turbulent natural rivers

    4. Consistent closures for parameterized flow separation in river-dune evolution models: turbulence structure, stochastic sediment transport, solver coupling, and emergent wavelength selection

    5. Bed-roughness and sediment-transport parameterization of river ripples and dunes for large-scale morphodynamic models across steady, unsteady, and extreme flows

    6. The equilibrium shape of turbulent alluvial rivers carrying bedload: extending the sediment-load shape model of Popović et al. beyond laminar flow

    7. Nonlinear saturation of the laminar free-surface bar instability and a quantitative theory of the rhomboid beach pattern

    森林植被分布的异常格局4 个问题

    1. Attributing the widespread underfilling of potential climatic ranges in North American trees: dispersal lag versus unmeasured edaphic and biotic constraints

    2. The deglacial forest conundrum: attributing the multi-millennial lag between simulated and pollen-reconstructed Northern Hemisphere forest expansion

    3. Ground-truthing geobotanical mineral exploration in the Hokuroku district: causal validation of satellite-detected vegetation anomalies and their dependence on forest type, phenology, and land cover

    4. Causal attribution of community–climate disequilibrium and removal of the realized-niche bias in community climate frameworks

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