Scientists / Open questions

Makoto Kobayashi

Particle physics; CP violation

2008 Nobel Prize in Physics

45 questions

Peptidergic innervation of the heart of the giant African snail Achatina fulica: identity of the source neurons, colocalization, and function of FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like peptides
Moderate-temperature (~300 C) fixed-bed purification of high-calorific (CO-rich) coal-derived fuel gas: kinetic enhancement of regenerable zinc-based desulfurization and sodium-aluminate halide capture
Quantitative kinetics and mechanism of the enhanced protonolysis of ethylzinc carboxylates by active-hydrogen compounds
Comprehensive tritium migration model for lithium metatitanate ( $\mathrm{Li}_2\mathrm{TiO}_3$ ) breeder ceramics: damage-dependent trapping, gas–surface isotope exchange, and coupled kinetics
Coupled Reduction–Sulfidation Mechanism and Kinetics of Zinc Ferrite Hot-Gas Desulfurization Sorbents in Reducing Coal Gas
Accurate fully automatic horizontal-position estimation of buried pipes from GPR B-scans under asymmetric crescent signals
Unresolved intermediates in laser photodissociation of trimethylgallium: the carrier of the 215–220 nm metastable absorption bands, the $Ga_2^+$ surface channel, and bimodal photofragment desorption
Automated multimodal play-by-play for visually impaired blind-football spectators: local-match-deployable full-field capture, audio–tactile integration, kinesthetic presentation, and validation with visually impaired spectators
Quantifying detrapped-tritium diffusion and surface release kinetics for a predictive tritium migration-and-release model in Li2O breeder material
Tritium recovery from lithium-enriched lithium titanate ( $Li_{2+x}TiO_3$ ) breeder ceramics: defect and phase-boundary trapping, hydrogen-isotope purge-gas mitigation, and closure of the tritium mass balance
Mechanism and active-species structure of the dialkylzinc–carboxylic acid (zinc dicarboxylate) catalysts for the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides
Determining the optimal number of clustering trials for multi-trial statistical clustering emphasis of GPR reflected-wave signals from buried pipes
Simultaneous shift-invariance of all packets in the classical wavelet packet transform tree
Qualification of the regenerable copper-based honeycomb mercury sorbent for pressurized oxy-fuel IGCC syngas: extended cycling, real-syngas contaminants, mechanical durability, off-gas integration, and scale-up
Anomalous phases and transformation mechanisms in gas-evaporated titanium fine particles: the corner fcc-indexed structure, the twin origin, the unidentified low-pressure film, and quantitative phase-selection conditions
Validation, reproducibility, and mechanism of the $\geq 14^{\circ}$ visual horizontal gaze-deviation criterion on computed tomography in acute ischemic stroke
Mixed-valent oxidized states, spacer dependence, and multi-site redox structure of catenated 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl biradicals
Effective number of electrons (N_eff) in MPGD-readout TPCs: quantitative attribution of the prototype-size discrepancy and experimental test of the de-clustering drift-distance dependence
Mechanistic rate laws, sulfidation product phases, and unexplained kinetic anomalies for Cu-modified cerium oxide H₂S sorbents
Validating the standard motion model of the blind-football static kick across visually impaired players, playing surfaces, and match-representative conditions
Microscopic structure and quantitative characterization of the colour centre producing the 8373.3 Å (N1) zero-phonon line in irradiated sodium chloride
Potassium speciation and mobility as the unresolved mechanistic link between torrefaction severity and the inherited CO2-char gasification reactivity of torrefaction-after-pelletizing (TAP) Erianthus arundinaceus fuel
Unresolved mechanism and substrate scope of the $AlCl_3$ -mediated modified Wichterle reaction: the $AlCl_3$ /p-nitrophenol conversion of vinyl chlorides into ketones
Quantitative process–microstructure–rf-conductivity basis for silver thick-film conductors cofired above the melting point in high-Q multilayer ceramic resonators

Back to open problems

Peptidergic innervation of the heart of the giant African snail Achatina fulica: identity of the source neurons, colocalization, and function of FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like peptides

Moderate-temperature (~300 C) fixed-bed purification of high-calorific (CO-rich) coal-derived fuel gas: kinetic enhancement of regenerable zinc-based desulfurization and sodium-aluminate halide capture

Quantitative kinetics and mechanism of the enhanced protonolysis of ethylzinc carboxylates by active-hydrogen compounds

Comprehensive tritium migration model for lithium metatitanate (Li2TiO3\mathrm{Li}_2\mathrm{TiO}_3Li2​TiO3​) breeder ceramics: damage-dependent trapping, gas–surface isotope exchange, and coupled kinetics

Coupled Reduction–Sulfidation Mechanism and Kinetics of Zinc Ferrite Hot-Gas Desulfurization Sorbents in Reducing Coal Gas

Accurate fully automatic horizontal-position estimation of buried pipes from GPR B-scans under asymmetric crescent signals

Unresolved intermediates in laser photodissociation of trimethylgallium: the carrier of the 215–220 nm metastable absorption bands, the Ga2+Ga_2^+Ga2+​ surface channel, and bimodal photofragment desorption

Automated multimodal play-by-play for visually impaired blind-football spectators: local-match-deployable full-field capture, audio–tactile integration, kinesthetic presentation, and validation with visually impaired spectators

Quantifying detrapped-tritium diffusion and surface release kinetics for a predictive tritium migration-and-release model in Li2O breeder material

Tritium recovery from lithium-enriched lithium titanate (Li2+xTiO3Li_{2+x}TiO_3Li2+x​TiO3​) breeder ceramics: defect and phase-boundary trapping, hydrogen-isotope purge-gas mitigation, and closure of the tritium mass balance

Mechanism and active-species structure of the dialkylzinc–carboxylic acid (zinc dicarboxylate) catalysts for the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides

Determining the optimal number of clustering trials for multi-trial statistical clustering emphasis of GPR reflected-wave signals from buried pipes

Simultaneous shift-invariance of all packets in the classical wavelet packet transform tree

Qualification of the regenerable copper-based honeycomb mercury sorbent for pressurized oxy-fuel IGCC syngas: extended cycling, real-syngas contaminants, mechanical durability, off-gas integration, and scale-up

Anomalous phases and transformation mechanisms in gas-evaporated titanium fine particles: the corner fcc-indexed structure, the twin origin, the unidentified low-pressure film, and quantitative phase-selection conditions

Validation, reproducibility, and mechanism of the ≥14∘\geq 14^{\circ}≥14∘ visual horizontal gaze-deviation criterion on computed tomography in acute ischemic stroke

Mixed-valent oxidized states, spacer dependence, and multi-site redox structure of catenated 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl biradicals

Effective number of electrons (N_eff) in MPGD-readout TPCs: quantitative attribution of the prototype-size discrepancy and experimental test of the de-clustering drift-distance dependence

Mechanistic rate laws, sulfidation product phases, and unexplained kinetic anomalies for Cu-modified cerium oxide H₂S sorbents

Validating the standard motion model of the blind-football static kick across visually impaired players, playing surfaces, and match-representative conditions

Microscopic structure and quantitative characterization of the colour centre producing the 8373.3 Å (N1) zero-phonon line in irradiated sodium chloride

Potassium speciation and mobility as the unresolved mechanistic link between torrefaction severity and the inherited CO2-char gasification reactivity of torrefaction-after-pelletizing (TAP) Erianthus arundinaceus fuel

Unresolved mechanism and substrate scope of the AlCl3AlCl_3AlCl3​-mediated modified Wichterle reaction: the AlCl3AlCl_3AlCl3​/p-nitrophenol conversion of vinyl chlorides into ketones

Quantitative process–microstructure–rf-conductivity basis for silver thick-film conductors cofired above the melting point in high-Q multilayer ceramic resonators

Comprehensive tritium migration model for lithium metatitanate ( $\mathrm{Li}_2\mathrm{TiO}_3$ ) breeder ceramics: damage-dependent trapping, gas–surface isotope exchange, and coupled kinetics

Unresolved intermediates in laser photodissociation of trimethylgallium: the carrier of the 215–220 nm metastable absorption bands, the $Ga_2^+$ surface channel, and bimodal photofragment desorption

Tritium recovery from lithium-enriched lithium titanate ( $Li_{2+x}TiO_3$ ) breeder ceramics: defect and phase-boundary trapping, hydrogen-isotope purge-gas mitigation, and closure of the tritium mass balance

Validation, reproducibility, and mechanism of the $\geq 14^{\circ}$ visual horizontal gaze-deviation criterion on computed tomography in acute ischemic stroke

Unresolved mechanism and substrate scope of the $AlCl_3$ -mediated modified Wichterle reaction: the $AlCl_3$ /p-nitrophenol conversion of vinyl chlorides into ketones