Disciplines / Research questions
Physics
691 research topics · 2739 questions
Study on Frequency-Spatial Characteristics of Marine Sound Fields5 questions
Closing the simulation-to-field gap in passive waveguide-invariant estimation from tonal ship noise
Open for about 11 yearsDomain of validity of the grazing-angle criterion for internal-wave-induced normal-mode arrival-time fluctuations in shallow-water waveguides
Open for about 13 yearsQuantifying low-frequency acoustic propagation through realistic crossing nonlinear internal-wave trains in shallow water: nonlinear collision physics, front curvature, bottom loss, and multi-train environments
Open for about 6 yearsReplica fields for frequency-difference and frequency-sum autoproduct matched-field processing under the rigid-boundary surface condition
Open for about 3 yearsStatistical characterization of shallow-water acoustic modal fluctuations under realistic internal wave fields and the validity domain of mode-sensitivity grouping
Open for about 29 years
What are the material requirements for the long-term safe storage of nuclear waste?4 questions
Long-term anaerobic corrosion regime of spent-fuel canister materials in compacted bentonite under strictly anoxic granitic repository conditions containing native microbial populations
Open for about 36 yearsUnresolved mechanism, long-term evolution, and sulfide-phase identity of microbiologically influenced corrosion of copper–cast iron spent-fuel canisters: open questions from the Äspö MiniCan in situ experiment
Open for about 13 yearsPredictive control of nepheline crystallization and residual-glass durability in Hanford high-level waste borosilicate glass
Open for about 6 yearsUnresolved qualification of modified (Zr-enriched) murataite ceramics as actinide hosts: uranium valence and local environment, Raman band assignment, corrosion durability, and perovskite avoidance
Open for about 6 years
Neutron coupling in nuclear media5 questions
Medium polarization effects on neutron pairing, dineutron correlations, and the BCS-BEC crossover in nuclear and neutron matter
Open for about 33 yearsRobustness of medium-polarization screening in neutron-matter pairing: finite-range particle-hole input, momentum-dependent effective mass, and the triplet channel
Open for about 6 yearsCoexistence of neutron-neutron, proton-proton, and neutron-proton pairings in asymmetric nuclear matter with medium-corrected interactions
Open for about 5 yearsQuantitative determination of the – neutron superfluid gap in neutron-star-core matter with controlled uncertainties
Open for about 56 yearsModel-independent neutron-neutron pairing gaps in neutron matter: the beyond-BCS gap and the unsettled – triplet gap
Open for about 56 years
Strange quark–antiquark asymmetry in nucleons6 questions
Nonperturbative strange–antistrange asymmetry and intrinsic strangeness of the nucleon
Open for about 39 yearsThe strangeness content of the nucleon: determining the asymmetry and the normalization of the strange sea
Open for about 30 yearsDirect determination of the strange-antistrange asymmetry and of the separate strange helicity distributions , in the nucleon
Open for about 19 yearsConsistent determination of the strange and antistrange quark distributions of the nucleon and their asymmetry
Open for about 16 yearsAssembling the complete strange-antistrange asymmetry of the nucleon sea: combining the intrinsic light-front contribution with the NNLO perturbative contribution under Q^2 evolution and confronting it with global data
Open for about 22 yearsQuantitative determination of the strange–antistrange asymmetry of the proton
Open for about 39 years
Accretion and outflows from black holes7 questions
Tilted disks around black holes: radiative verification and boundary mapping of tilt-induced shock and heating phenomenology in the spin–inclination plane
Open for about 7 yearsQuantitative validation of two-layer energy transfer as the launching mechanism for steady jets from advection-dominated accretion flows
Open for about 3 yearsRadiative acceleration and composition of self-consistently launched jets from advective accretion discs around Kerr black holes
Open for about 9 yearsHow magnetic diffusivity governs jet launching in resistive GR-MHD black hole–accretion disk systems
Open for about 8 yearsSteady force-free magnetospheres of spinning Kerr black holes: uniqueness beyond the split monopole and the collimation of the Blandford–Znajek outflow
Open for about 13 yearsPersistence and astrophysical realizability of extreme super-MAD black hole accretion states with globally suppressed accretion
Open for less than 1 yearTesting the magnetic-flux paradigm for AGN radio loudness: measuring horizon-threading magnetic flux in radio-quiet and radio-intermediate active galactic nuclei
Open for about 13 years
The Fundamental Problem of Black Hole Entropy10 questions
Microscopic underpinning of the wormhole-overlap state counting of astrophysical black hole entropy
Open for about 3 yearsIs the soft-hair horizon conformal field theory a complete account of black hole entropy and information?
Open for about 10 yearsWhat does the covariant entropy bound count? The vacuum-entropy saturation conjecture for general boundary structures in quantum gravity
Open for about 12 yearsFrom one half to the whole: the entropy of the complete ensemble of neutral Strominger–Vafa brane/antibrane bound states and the stability of the Schwarzschild microstructure
Open for about 2 yearsGeneric structure and universality of entanglement-derived subleading corrections to Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, and their power to discriminate candidate quantum theories of gravity
Open for about 18 yearsMicroscopic completion of the vacuum-degrees-of-freedom picture of black hole complementarity: vacuum-sector dynamics, the distant-to-infalling-frame transformation, and the interior Hilbert-space exponent q
Open for about 11 yearsMicroscopic basis and range of validity of the universal gravitational-path-integral construction of black hole microstates
Open for about 2 yearsWhat the Strominger-Vafa microstate counting establishes about black hole entropy: the ontology of the counted D-brane states, black hole emergence, and the correspondence principle
Open for about 7 yearsThe fate of the ultraviolet-divergent horizon entanglement entropy in quantum gravity
Open for about 32 yearsRegime of validity of the long folded-string identification of Schwarzschild black hole microstates
Open for about 5 years
Extraction of Black Hole Rotation Energy7 questions
Astrophysical viability of the magnetic Penrose process: efficiency in realistic non-uniform, plasma-filled magnetospheres and superspinar-versus-black-hole diagnostics
Open for about 8 yearsBackreaction and time-resolved capture dynamics of electrodynamical energy extraction from a magnetized Kerr black hole under the Goldreich–Julian validity condition
Open for about 1 yearRotational energy extraction from Kerr black-hole mimickers: charged and off-horizon regimes, horizonless branches, and observational distinguishability
Open for about 4 yearsAstrophysical effectiveness of the electromagnetic Penrose process for a charged black hole in a uniform magnetic field: rates, radiation losses, charge evolution, and observable signatures
Open for about 5 yearsExtending the theory-agnostic Blandford-Znajek luminosity to near-extremal rotation and validating it against nonlinear simulations in Konoplya-Rezzolla-Zhidenko black-hole spacetimes
Open for less than 1 yearSpin inversion for disk-mediated black-hole rotational energy extraction under partial extraction, accretion-fed evolution, and magnetized tori
Open for about 5 yearsRobustness and realistic operation of ergospheric magnetic-reconnection energy extraction from rotating black holes (the Comisso-Asenjo mechanism)
Open for about 5 years
Ignition reaction of hydrogen combustion in stars4 questions
Solar measurement of proton-proton chain nuclear reaction rates under propagated solar-model systematics
Open for about 4 yearsCompleting the uncertainty-aware assessment of updated proton–proton reaction rates: uncertainty-weighted compilation intercomparison and stellar-evolution phases beyond central hydrogen burning
Open for about 11 yearsNeutrino-Accelerated Hot Hydrogen Burning: Realistic Astrophysical Sites, Ejection of Processed Material, and Nucleosynthetic Yields
Open for about 20 yearsProton–proton weak capture with the one-loop (N3LO) chiral axial current: testing the convergence of the chiral expansion for the solar fusion S-factor
Open for about 12 years
Decoherence of Macroscopic Objects and Classical Reduction of the Quantum Universe5 questions
Validity conditions for a model-independent stationary-phase derivation of pointer states: environment-based branch grouping, neglected inter-branch transitions, and the localization-delocalization competition
Open for about 12 yearsRobustness and physical grounding of the complexity-of-purification growth-rate signature of decoherence in the inflationary open quantum system
Open for about 2 yearsThe origin of the special initial condition underlying the emergence of classicality: what beyond unitary quantum dynamics and the system-environment interaction explains distinctively classical macroscopic subsystems?
Open for about 18 yearsMaking gravitational time-dilation decoherence quantitative and observable in realistic composite quantum systems
Open for about 12 yearsRobustness and operational characterization of inflationary branch decoherence beyond the idealized spectator environment
Open for less than 1 year
Efficient deceleration and sub- cooling of chemically stable molecules4 questions
Traveling microwave lattice deceleration of polar molecules: power utilization, finite-waveguide boundary effects, small-detuning losses, and chirp-schedule optimization
Open for about 12 yearsIonization, dissociation, and two-body loss of small chemically stable molecules in a high-intensity continuous-wave deep optical trap
Open for about 3 yearsOptical trapping of optically decelerated molecules: completing a species-general route to cold, stationary, chemically stable molecules
Open for about 20 yearsExtending optoelectrical Sisyphus cooling of chemically stable polar molecules below the submillikelvin record and into ground-state-confining traps
Open for about 13 years
Will the fundamental physical constant change?5 questions
Constraining a variation of the fine-structure constant in the strong gravitational potential of the Galactic Center supermassive black hole
Open for about 6 yearsPhysical origin and reality of the indicated electron-to-proton mass ratio depression in the inner Galaxy (Δμ/μ ≈ −3×10⁻⁷ from methanol lines toward Sgr B2)
Open for about 1 yearRobust, model-general constraints on the time variation of the QCD scale Λ_QCD
Open for about 1 yearIndependent confirmation and physical origin of the indicated electron-to-proton mass-ratio variation within the Galaxy
Open for about 1 yearGravitational-field dependence of the proton-electron mass ratio: tightening the strong-field bound from H spectroscopy in white-dwarf photospheres
Open for about 11 years
Quantum computing and quantum information implementation based on superconducting qubits3 questions
Closing the coherence and reproducibility gap between gate-tunable semiconductor-junction transmons (gatemons) and fixed-junction transmons
Open for about 11 yearsScalable, performance-neutral integration of coupler-assisted leakage reduction into surface-code quantum error correction
Open for about 2 yearsFault-tolerance feasibility of the conveyor-belt globally driven superconducting quantum computer
Open for about 1 year
Medium Guided Wave Structure and Slow Wave Propagation Based on Anisotropic Artificial Electromagnetic Materials1 questions
Quantum information processor based on solid-state optical microcavity3 questions
Deterministic two-photon quantum gates from the single-photon nonlinearity of a quantum dot in a micropillar cavity
Open for about 18 yearsUnresolved implementation and scaling of chip-based optically-controlled quantum gates via Kerr-switched nonlinear Bragg waveguides
Open for about 9 yearsUnheralded-error and large-N scalability limits of error-detected repeat-until-success N-photon cluster state generation with a quantum dot in an optical microcavity
Open for about 6 years
Possible weakening and disappearance of shell effects in extremely neutron-rich medium-heavy nuclei5 questions
Testing the predicted deformation-driven quenching of the shell closure in neutron-rich Sc–Co nuclei () and the discrepancy in Ti: experimental confirmation and the missing correlations in continuum covariant density functional theory
Open for about 3 yearsConfirming the predicted island of inversion at and its merger with the island below doubly magic Ni
Open for about 10 yearsGrounding monopole-driven shell evolution from Sn to Ni and below Sn: first-principles monopoles, shell-model validation, and spectroscopic anchors for r-process -decay
Open for about 21 yearsThe N=50 neutron shell gap at doubly magic 78Ni: empirical magnitude, evolution from Z=38 to Z=28, and microscopic mechanism
Open for about 14 yearsDirect mass test of the predicted quenching of the neutron shell gap along the isotonic chain from Sn toward Zr and Sr, and its -process consequences
Open for about 12 years
Limit shapes and arctic curves1 questions
Addition formula3 questions
Uniform regularization of second-kind integrals on (n,s)-curves: general formula for the regularization constant, proof of the primitive-function identification, and uniform addition laws on the Jacobian
Explicit compact form of the n-variable addition formula for the Weierstrass sigma function of a general elliptic curve (first open case n = 4; conjecturally a determinant)
Giambelli-type formulae for the tau functions of the discrete KP, q-deformed KP, and two-component BKP (D-type Drinfeld-Sokolov) hierarchies
Gamma-ray burst cosmology5 questions
Model-independent standardization of gamma-ray burst plateau distances for decisive discrimination of one- versus two-component dark energy
Open for about 2 yearsRobustness of the evolving-dark-energy constraint from the long gamma-ray burst duration histogram
Open for about 2 yearsCompleting the model-independent calibration program for the gamma-ray-burst – correlation: hierarchical Bayesian treatment, curvature-agnostic calibration, and joint SN Ia standardization
Open for about 7 yearsWeak-lensing magnification bias in the gamma-ray burst Hubble diagram and the robustness of high-redshift dark-energy constraints
Open for about 14 yearsAdjudicating cosmographic-expansion bias and testing CDM at the deceleration–acceleration transition with model-independently calibrated gamma-ray burst correlations
Open for about 4 years
Shock Magnetic Field and Acceleration Mechanism of Gamma-ray Bursts5 questions
Late-time structure and electron acceleration in Weibel-mediated relativistic jet–ambient double shocks: forward-shock saturation, ion thermalization, and the transition to diffusive shock acceleration
Open for about 11 yearsFirst-principles microphysical foundation of the Derishev–Piran photon-mediated relativistic shock model: magnetic-field decay law, long-range photon coupling, and the missing prompt high-energy component
Open for about 10 yearsCircumventing the intrinsic maximum-energy limit at weakly-magnetised ultra-relativistic shocks: nonlinear evolution of cosmic-ray-driven instabilities and the origin of large-scale scattering
Open for about 12 yearsFirst-principles origin of the milli-Gauss upstream magnetic field in gamma-ray burst external shocks and its observational anchor in Fermi-LAT afterglow constraints
Open for about 20 yearsPhysical origin of the time-varying shock microphysics in the GRB 190114C afterglow
Open for about 6 years
Arrow configuration and local Boltzmann weights1 questions
Exchange bias5 questions
Discriminating the microscopic origin of positive exchange bias near the blocking temperature: atomistic interfacial spins versus whole-grain antiferromagnetic reversal versus training-induced reorganization
Open for about 30 yearsMicroscopic validation and characterization of the antiferromagnetic exchange spring proposed as the origin of the exchange-bias training effect in Co/CoO
Open for about 12 yearsInterfacial origin of exchange bias in γ-Fe2O3/CoO and inverted CoO/γ-Fe2O3 binary nanoparticles: separating uncompensated-spin from compensated-interface contributions
Open for about 17 yearsQuantitative determination and experimental separation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya and ferroelectric-polarization-driven exchange-bias fields at compensated ferromagnet/G-type antiferromagnetic perovskite interfaces
Open for about 16 yearsTraining effect of exchange-bias bilayers in the domain-state model: realistic interfaces, angular dependence, and the identity of the training mechanism
Open for about 16 years
Commuting families of conserved quantities3 questions
Structure theory of the coupled Temperley–Lieb algebras of the chiral Potts model and their connection to Yang–Baxter integrability
Open for about 14 yearsCompleting the towers of local charges in involution and their hierarchies in integrable sigma-models with twist function: type-A commutativity, cyclotomic one-parameter families, and the type-D Pfaffian charge
Open for about 9 yearsExtending the equivalence between local conservation laws and Yang-Baxter integrability beyond the standard setting in quantum spin chains
Commuting families of transfer matrices2 questions
Necessity of the Star-Triangle (Yang-Baxter) Relation for Commuting Transfer Matrices Beyond the Six-Vertex Model
Open for about 16 yearsCompleting the universal K-matrix framework for quantum symmetric pairs: cylindrical structures, affine factorization, meromorphicity, and classification of reflection-equation solutions
Open for about 1 year
Localization of visible light in colloidal particle systems5 questions
Incidence-angle-dependent transport of light at the transition to Anderson localization in strongly scattering colloidal suspensions
Open for about 9 yearsPhysical origin of ultra-narrow lasing peaks and the anomalous refractive-index mechanism in a TiO2@silica colloidal random laser at the localization transition
Open for about 9 yearsCorrelation-induced localization of light in ordered TiO2@silica colloidal suspensions: determining the lattice symmetry, the interparticle potential, the high-filling-fraction limits, and the properties of the localized photonic states
Open for about 5 yearsEstablishing the correct theory of Anderson localization of light: vector-field effects, three-dimensional dielectric media, and the validity of the modulus-type description
Open for about 8 yearsIndependent verification and quantitative theory of the boundary-enhanced localization transition in a strongly scattering colloidal suspension (TiO2@silica)
Open for about 10 years
Corner Transfer Matrix (CTM)3 questions
Analytic derivation and robustness of the entanglement Hamiltonian of the non-Hermitian Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model: exact corner transfer matrix, critical-point derivation, and stability under deformations
Rigorous derivation of the conjectured surface and corner free-energy product formulae for two-dimensional Potts, chromatic and loop models, and their unexplained boundary-exponent structures
Field-theoretical interpretation of the unusual, path-dependent corrections to the Rényi entanglement entropy of the massive XYZ chain and the Ising-character structure of its corner transfer matrix
Corner Transfer Matrix Renormalization Group (CTMRG)2 questions
Truncation Error and Convergence Diagnostics2 questions
Certified error control for generalized-hydrodynamics numerics of integrable models: Bethe-string truncation, cold Fermi-edge discretization, and boundary handling
Excited-state g-functions from the truncated conformal space: convergence control, coupling renormalisation, bulk perturbations, and defect applications
Analyticity, Periodicity, and Asymptotic Conditions2 questions
Operator-level Baxter Q-operator for the open XXZ chain with general integrable boundaries from the large-spin limit of the fusion hierarchy
Open for about 20 yearsZero structure of the fused transfer-matrix eigenvalues and closed forms of the CDD-type terms in the general-rank Sp(2n) vertex model
Open for about 3 years
Confinement and transport of light at mesoscales4 questions
The lower size limit of Anderson localization of light: physical origin and generality of the suppression observed at nanoscale mean free paths
Open for about 3 yearsEstablishing three-dimensional Anderson localization of light in disordered dielectric particle media: asymptotic transition, microscopic theory, and experimental validation
Open for about 41 yearsAnderson localization of light in three dimensions under the modulus-type description: mobility edge, critical behavior, vector-field effects, and experimental prospects
Open for about 8 yearsCompleting the interaction-suppression theory of multimode random lasers in the Anderson localized regime: open-system mode statistics, full-vector 3D Maxwell–Bloch dynamics, gain saturation, and the crossover to interacting lasing
Open for about 13 years
Experimental and Theoretical Discrepancies in Persistent Currents in Mesoscopic Rings2 questions
Science in Metallic Glasses6 questions
Atomic-scale structural origin of the reversible and irreversible β-relaxation components in metallic glasses
Open for about 6 yearsGlass-to-liquid transition in metallic glasses: thermodynamic phase transition or kinetic freezing, and the microscopic basis of sub- atomic mobility and kinetic stability
Open for about 19 yearsStructural origin of near-zero compressive plasticity in Ni–Mo–Cr–Nb–P–B bulk metallic glasses despite elastic-constant ductility indicators
Open for about 10 yearsMicroscopic origin of anti-aging and of the universal compressed-exponential relaxation in ultrastable metallic glasses
Open for about 8 yearsSeparating geometric and electronic origins of liquid-like flow units and their coupled secondary-relaxation modes in metallic glasses
Open for about 6 yearsMechanism and predictive entropy criterion for the high-entropy-induced glass-to-glass transition in metallic glasses
Open for about 4 years
Origin of Ferromagnetism in Metals4 questions
Microscopic mechanism and quantum criticality of dimer-breaking-induced itinerant ferromagnetism in SrCo2(Ge1−xPx)2
Open for about 15 yearsOrbital-resolved beyond-Heisenberg exchange interactions in ferromagnetic bcc Fe: a complete effective spin Hamiltonian and higher-order terms
Open for about 10 yearsMicroscopic mechanism of the Stoner-to-local-moment crossover in atomically thin Cr2Te3: quantifying the indirect exchange
Open for about 3 yearsThe ultimate fate of the Stoner instability at a Van Hove singularity in the two-dimensional Hubbard model
Open for about 29 years
Intermediate Temperature Brittleness of Metals and Alloys5 questions
Impurity-driven intermediate-temperature embrittlement of Ni alloys: embrittling species and concentration thresholds, segregation kinetics, and heat treatments that remove the ductility minimum
Open for about 12 yearsQuantitative validation and generality of thermo-induced non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation as the mechanism of intermediate-temperature embrittlement in Ni-based alloys
Open for about 15 yearsQuantitative kinetic closure and alloy-family generality of thermo-induced non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation as the mechanism of intermediate-temperature embrittlement in Ni(Bi) and related alloys
Open for about 11 yearsMicroscopic mechanism of intermediate-temperature embrittlement in dilute Ni–Bi alloy: the grain-boundary process controlling the 700–750 °C ductility minimum
Open for about 15 yearsThermo-mechanical processing routes to suppress intermediate-temperature brittleness (glide-plane decohesion) in the γ′-strengthened superalloy Nimonic 263
Open for about 8 years
Anomalous Phenomena in Near-Coulomb Barrier Heavy Ion Reactions5 questions
Genuine or artifact? The near-threshold energy dependence of the optical-model potential for weakly-bound nuclei and its microscopic origin
Open for about 20 yearsMicroscopic origin of the astrophysical S-factor maximum and of the logarithmic-slope change at the hindrance threshold in deep subbarrier heavy-ion fusion
Open for about 8 yearsMicroscopic origin and predictability of the deep sub-barrier S-factor maximum in light positive-Q-value fusion systems: the C+Si anchor
Open for about 24 yearsApplicability of the causality-based dispersion relation to exotic, continuum-coupled nuclear systems: the abnormal threshold anomaly in He+Bi and weakly-bound projectiles
Open for about 9 yearsFusion hindrance in light heavy-ion systems: the unexplained slope oscillations and the unknown deep sub-barrier cross-section trend from the 12C+28Si benchmark
Open for about 19 years
Classical Two-Dimensional Model — One-Dimensional Quantum Chain Correspondence2 questions
Tensor Network Representation of Classical Partition Functions2 questions
Extending finite-size tensor-network-flow extraction of conformal data beyond the Ising and three-state clock benchmarks: complex models, scheme generality, and non-unitary CFTs
Classifying universal versus classically simulatable resources among the stabilizer states of the classical spin–quantum mapping (Hübener–Van den Nest–Dür–Briegel)