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    Disciplines / Research questions

    Astronomy

    92 research topics · 303 questions

    Difficulties interpreting the four mid-season culminating stars in the Yaodian chapter of the Book of Documents1 questions

    1. Function and date of the Taosi observatory (IIFJT1): the ten non-solstice backsights, the calendrical question, and the epoch of the structure

    Dark Energy and Its Observations3 questions

    1. Origin of the dataset-dependent preference for evolving dark energy: genuine dynamics or survey-specific systematics?

    2. Perturbation-level viability and empirical discrimination of evolving dark matter as the origin of the DESI expansion-history anomaly

    3. Root cause of the Dark Energy Survey Year 6 lens-bin-2 internal inconsistency in the 3×2pt cosmological analysis

    Evolution of the Dark Energy Equation of State Over Time2 questions

    1. Is the DESI-era preference for evolving dark energy (a Quintom-B phantom crossing) real physical dynamics or an artifact of the CPL parametrization and supernova systematics?

    2. Robustness and physical interpretation of the evolving dark energy preference in DESI-era data: shared SN/BAO systematics, prior and parametrization sensitivity, microphysical mapping, and the predicted flattening of the growth rate fσ8(z)f\sigma_8(z)

    Detection Methods of Dark Matter Particles1 questions

    1. Physical origin of the low-energy excess limiting low-threshold cryogenic dark-matter detectors

    Magnetic Reconnection Processes in Solar Eruptions at Different Scales4 questions

    1. Reconnection nanojets in the solar corona: population statistics, directional asymmetry, and their contribution to coronal heating

    2. Twist-transport formation of large-scale CME flux ropes by unwinding coronal jets: generality for long-lived inter-active-region ropes and jet-to-CME energetic coupling

    3. Magnetic triggering of solar coronal jets: on-disk confirmation of flux emergence versus flux cancellation, and reconnection-site height and geometry

    4. Generality, magnetic topology, and reconnection rates of the multi-scale reconnection sequence in complex coronal mass ejection eruptions: from active-region tether-cutting to CME–CME reconnection and decametric N-bursts

    Co-evolution of Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxies2 questions

    1. Causal structure of supermassive black hole-galaxy coevolution: unobserved confounders, cyclic feedback, and generality of the morphology-dependent causal reversal

    2. What makes a galaxy merger disruptive for the gas disc and the central black hole, and does disc-mediated regulation of black-hole growth extend to group and cluster haloes?

    Hypervelocity Stars3 questions

    1. The ejection history of Galactic-Centre hypervelocity stars: steady Hills disruption or time-variable production, and the captured companion of S5-HVS1

    2. Making the hypervelocity-star tangential-velocity test of QUMOND self-consistent and feasible

    3. The compact-object speed limit for stellar ejections and a combined globular-cluster/Galactic-center population model for hypervelocity stars

    The 'Missing' Problem of Supernova Remnants2 questions

    1. The origin of the narrow ambient-density distribution inferred from supernova remnant size distributions: warm-ionized-medium preference, catalog selection bias, or breakdown of Sedov evolution

    2. The missing supernova remnants of M31: completing the census and quantifying its environmental selection effects

    Supernova Explosions of Massive Stars2 questions

    1. Does the nuclear equation of state decide which massive stars explode? Extending the EoS–explodability problem to three dimensions, EoS-consistent neutrino opacities, and a systematic scan of the allowed equation-of-state space

    2. Robust three-dimensional outcomes and observable signatures of black hole supernovae across the progenitor range

    High-mass X-ray Binaries2 questions

    1. The core-collapse origin of CPD −29 2176 (SGR 0755−2933) and the ultra-stripped-supernova channel to double neutron stars

    2. Slow wind in the orbital plane of wind-fed high-mass X-ray binaries: multi-component wind geometry, its ubiquity, and the origin of the required radial transport

    Challenges in Ground-based Submillimeter Astronomy Observations2 questions

    1. Completing the site evaluation of the Eastern Pamirs for submillimetre astronomy: cloud-cover impact, instrument-specific transmission statistics, and observatory/array feasibility

    2. Validating submillimeter observing conditions at the Ladakh candidate sites: ERA5 precipitable-water-vapor bias, sub-pixel variability, and high-resolution observing-time statistics

    Trajectory Design for Multi-target Deep Space Exploration1 questions

    1. Certified global optimality for multi-flyby asteroid trajectory optimization under practical acceleration: guarantee-preserving refinement, calibrated surrogate feasibility, and tight error bounds

    Origin and Pulsation of SX Phoenicis Variables2 questions

    1. Spectroscopic population assignment and Monoceros Ring membership of the Rubin DP1 pulsator LSST-C25_var1, and a systematic search of Data Preview 1 for short-period variables

    2. Pulsation theory for SX Phoenicis stars with binary-formation histories and enhanced helium: instability-strip topology, mode stability, and amplitudes

    Relativistic Models for High-precision Astrometric Data Processing2 questions

    1. Completing the second post-Newtonian light-propagation model for sub-microarcsecond astrometry: coordinate-independent enhanced terms, operational implementation, and observability of quadrupole signals

    2. Completing the time-transfer-function relativistic model for Gaia's global astrometric sphere reconstruction: higher-order light propagation, attitude and calibration co-estimation, and the PPN gamma sensitivity

    On the Poincaré Conjecture for Periodic Orbits3 questions

    1. Definitive structure of periodic three-body orbits in mass space: maximality of empirical mass domains, mass-continuation bifurcations, generalized Kepler laws, and physical realization

    2. Local abundance of periodic orbits near relative equilibria of the planar N-body problem: general central configurations, exceptional masses, and the critical Routh ratio

    3. Birkhoff's conjecture for the planar circular restricted three-body problem in the non-perturbative regime: dynamical convexity and disk-like global surfaces of section

    Elemental Abundance Measurements in Photoionized Gaseous Nebulae4 questions

    1. The physical origin of extreme abundance discrepancies in planetary nebulae and their link to close-binary (post-common-envelope) evolution

    2. The nature, origin, and existence of the cold, metal-rich, hydrogen-deficient plasma causing the ORL–CEL abundance discrepancy in planetary nebulae

    3. The abundance discrepancy between collisionally-excited and recombination lines in ionized nebulae: origin of the temperature-fluctuation parameter t^2 and its impact on the absolute metallicity scale

    4. Physical origin of the high-ionization temperature inhomogeneities causing the abundance discrepancy in H II regions, and the scope of the t2t^2 paradigm across ionized nebulae

    Hanle Effect and Turbulent Magnetic Fields4 questions

    1. Height-resolved angular distribution of quiet-Sun internetwork magnetic fields: calibrating the sign-based center-to-limb evidence into quantitative inclinations, strengths, and transition heights

    2. The hidden turbulent magnetic field of the quiet solar photosphere: determining its strength, distribution, and energetic sufficiency for chromospheric heating

    3. Determining the quiet Sun's hidden turbulent magnetic field from Hanle depolarization of second-solar-spectrum lines: model-dependent strength, altitude profile, and solar-cycle variation

    4. Origin and sustenance of the quiet Sun's horizontal internetwork (turbulent) magnetic fields

    Origins of the Stellar Initial Mass Function1 questions

    1. Decisive constraints on redshift evolution of the stellar initial-mass function and coupled transient-progenitor parameters from cosmic transient rates

    Magnetic Interactions Between a Star and Its Planet1 questions

    1. Escape-modified star–planet magnetic interaction energetics in photoevaporating exoplanets: extending the Alfvén-wing power framework beyond the calibrated regime

    Formation of Stellar-mass Black Holes1 questions

    1. Rotation, Convection, and Dense-Matter Composition Effects on the Proto-Neutron-Star Collapse Threshold and Black-Hole Formation in Failed Core-Collapse Supernovae

    Origin, Composition, and Exploration of Comets2 questions

    1. Determining the Structure of the Inner Oort Cloud: Population Ratio, Hidden Mass, and the Dominant Source of Long-Period Comets

    2. Quantitative noble-gas constraints on the formation location and disk conditions of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

    Origins of Gamma-ray Bursts4 questions

    1. A self-consistent neutron star merger rate budget: reconciling the GW-inferred binary neutron star merger rate with short gamma-ray bursts, the Galactic r-process inventory, and the Galactic double neutron star merger rate

    2. Physical origin of the peak-poor/peak-rich two-family structure in the number-of-peaks distribution of long gamma-ray bursts

    3. Physical origin of precursor emission in merger-driven (Type I) gamma-ray bursts

    4. Physical origin of the low-redshift excess in the long-gamma-ray-burst formation rate: compact-object mergers versus selection effects, and the non-collapsar fraction of LGRBs

    Gamma-ray Bursts and Supernovae: Two Aspects of the Same Physical Phenomenon1 questions

    1. What makes the progenitors of some core collapses produce both a supernova and a gamma-ray burst, when most produce a supernova alone?

    Gamma-ray bursts and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays3 questions

    1. Can low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts supply the observed ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray flux? Per-burst yield, beaming, propagation, and the neutrino test

    2. Microphysical origin of the cool-synchrotron gamma-ray burst prompt emission: which dissipation and acceleration mechanism yields the soft injection index, mixed cooling regimes, and required radiative efficiency?

    3. Physical origin of the ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray flux suppression and of the Telescope Array-Pierre Auger north-south spectral difference

    The mystery of longitude3 questions

    1. A quantitative multi-factor account of the longitude error in Ptolemy's Geography: stade lengths, distance-report bias, and the survey-to-coordinate transmission chain

    2. Unquantified error budget of the 1580s Spanish lunar-eclipse longitude project (the 'Instrument of the Indies')

    3. Unresolved evidentiary core of San Martín's Magellan-circumnavigation longitudes: lost observations, almanac edition, and the skill-versus-luck attribution

    Formation and evolution of quasars1 questions

    1. Demographics of turbulence-driven direct-collapse black hole seeds: the unresolved open questions of Latif et al. (2022) on cold-flow quasar formation

    Instability of pulsar rotation3 questions

    1. Origin and microphysical interpretation of the transient phenomenology of the Vela pulsar's 2016 glitch: precursor spin-down, overshoot, and superfluid coupling

    2. Physical mechanism and consequences of switched magnetospheric regulation of pulsar spin-down

    3. Microphysical determination of neutron-vortex pinning to proton fluxoids in neutron-star cores: what sets the fluxoid number NpN_{\rm p} and the drag-to-lift ratio ξ(Np)\xi(N_{\rm p}) governing pulsar glitch rises

    The difficulty of high-speed pulsar motion3 questions

    1. Physical origin of the ultralow and polar-aligned neutron-star natal-kick modes inferred from Be X-ray binary orbits

    2. Spin–kick geometry of pulsar natal kicks: testing the obliquity–velocity signal, resolving the axial sign, and recovering the three-dimensional kick-magnitude distribution

    3. Two-channel neutron-star formation: per-channel natal-kick distributions, remnant masses, and progenitor mass boundaries of the low-kick (electron-capture) versus iron-core-collapse channels, and their quantitative validation against observations

    Mass production of large-aperture off-axis aspheric mirror polishing3 questions

    1. Scaling stressed-mirror continuous polishing to full-size off-axis aspheric segments for extremely large segmented telescope primaries

    2. Deterministic multi-tool CCOS of large SiC aspheric mirrors: empirical tool influence functions, tool-size-dependent frequency control, and closing the simulation-to-fabrication loop

    3. Converging mid-to-high spatial-frequency errors beyond the corrective band of available tools in rapid multi-tool fabrication of large-scale aspheric optics

    The marvelous diamond stars: the carbon-oxygen crystallization mystery of white dwarfs4 questions

    1. Completing the 22Ne phase-separation problem for crystallizing carbon–oxygen white dwarfs: the ternary C/O/Ne phase diagram and the missing cooling delay behind the Gaia crystallization pile-up

    2. Unknown composition trajectory and termination dynamics of 22Ne distillation in crystallizing carbon–oxygen white dwarfs

    3. The missing cooling delay of crystallizing white dwarfs: reconciling the observed Gaia crystallization pile-up with cooling theory

    4. Remaining systematics in white-dwarf core crystallization: quantum-ion and solid-structure effects on multicomponent plasma phase diagrams and their quantitative reconciliation with observed cooling signatures

    The second parameter problem of horizontal branch stars in globular clusters2 questions

    1. Physical origin of the second-parameter globular clusters identified by the τ_HB horizontal-branch morphology index

    2. Physical origin of population-dependent red-giant-branch mass loss in globular clusters and its role in the second-parameter problem of horizontal-branch morphology

    Radio diagnostics of coronal magnetic fields5 questions

    1. Physics-based forward modeling and inversion of inhomogeneous gyrosynchrotron emission from coronal mass ejections

    2. Gyroresonance emission as a quantitative magnetic-field diagnostic for coronal mass ejections in the middle corona: harmonic identification, mechanism discrimination, and field determination

    3. Reconciling Microwave-Polarization Coronal Magnetography of Solar Active Regions with Photospheric Magnetic-Field Extrapolations

    4. Nonthermal electrons in the quiet solar corona: prevalence, energetics, and magnetic-field diagnostics from weak microwave transients

    5. Formation conditions and eruptive-precursor value of extreme coronal magnetic fields (~3–4 kG at the base of the corona) diagnosed by 34 GHz gyroresonance emission

    Infrared measurement of coronal magnetic fields1 questions

    1. Validating the infrared dual-line Hanle diagnostic of the coronal vector magnetic field: co-spatiality, degeneracy breaking, and amplitude inversion

    Extrapolation of coronal magnetic fields6 questions

    1. Instrument-dependent uncertainties in nonlinear force-free coronal field extrapolations: an error budget for free magnetic energy and its significance for flare/CME onset prediction

    2. Genuine multiplicity or numerical artifact: the initialization dependence of nonlinear force-free field extrapolations of flare-productive solar active regions

    3. Open issues for global forced (non-force-free) extrapolation of the solar coronal magnetic field from single-layer vector magnetograms

    4. Loop-constrained and quantitatively validated nonlinear force-free coronal magnetic field modeling in spherical geometry over multiple active regions

    5. Quantitative reliability of nonlinear force-free field extrapolations of solar active regions from observed vector magnetograms: the three open problems of De Rosa et al. (2009)

    6. Quantitative reliability of the photospheric boundary-value problem for magnetohydrostatic extrapolation: virial energy underestimation and preprocessing determinacy

    How to measure black hole spin2 questions

    1. Photon-ring astrometry without an inclination prior: joint spin and inclination inference from the image center shift, generalized beyond equatorial emission

    2. Reliability of Fe Kα reflection-based spin measurements of supermassive black holes beyond the high-spin, unabsorbed, single-epoch regime

    Weak gravitational lensing cosmology2 questions

    1. Self-consistent ray-traced weak-lensing convergence in screened modified gravity: modified clustering and modified lensing with physically derived screening

    2. Robust extended-cosmology constraints from combined cosmic shear and CMB data: curvature-dependent non-linear modelling, neutrino-mass treatment, and joint covariances in KiDS-Legacy-era analyses

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